Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three oxygen atoms. This gaseous compound is generated when an oxygen molecule is excited enough to decompose into atomic oxygen (O) and the collisions between the different atoms form ozone again. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is formed when there is an electrical discharge, rearranging the oxygen atoms. In this way, ozone is the most active form of oxygen.
Ozone plays a fundamental role in the atmosphere, especially in the formation of the ozone layer that protects life on Earth by filtering harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Despite its importance, many people are unaware of what ozone is and what its characteristics and applications are.
What is ozone?
Ozone was first isolated in 1839 by chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein, who named it from the Greek word ozein, meaning “having an odor.” Later, in 1867, he corroborated the chemical formula for ozone (O3), which had been determined three years earlier by Jacques-Louis Soret.
In its natural state, ozone is a gas with a blue tint, although when cooled below -115ºC it liquefies and takes on a deep indigo blue colour. This gas is highly oxidising, allowing it to perform crucial functions such as disinfection, purification and elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and spores.
Ozone has the unique ability to effectively eliminate odors, as it directly attacks the odor-causing particles.Unlike air fresheners that only cover odors, ozone leaves no chemical residue as it rapidly decomposes into oxygen under the action of light, heat and other factors.
Main uses of ozone
Ozone has found various applications in our society. ozonation, that is, ozone treatment, is mainly used for activities such as disinfection and deodorization of the environment, water treatment and air purification. Thanks to its ability to destroy pathogenic microorganisms and eliminate bad odors, ozone is used in various industries.
Ozone can be produced artificially using ozone generators, which create a voltage discharge known as the “corona effect” to break apart oxygen molecules and form ozone. These devices are useful in both industrial and domestic applications. Some specific applications include:
- Deodorization of closed spaces: Ideal for places where it is difficult to renew the air, such as rooms, vehicles or industrial spaces. Eliminates odors from tobacco, food, mold, among others.
- Water treatment: Ozone is used to treat wastewater and make water drinkable, as it is effective in eliminating viruses, bacteria and organic compounds.
- Air purification: Ozone generators are used in hospitals, offices, homes and other spaces to disinfect the air and eliminate pathogens.
- Food industry: It is used to disinfect food and prolong its shelf life, especially in fruits, vegetables and meat products.
- Ozone therapy: In the medical field, ozone also has therapeutic applications, especially in tissue regeneration and wound treatment.
Beneficial properties of ozone
Now that we understand what ozone is, it is important to highlight some of its main beneficial properties.
microbicide
Ozone is considered one of the most effective biocides, acting rapidly on various types of microorganisms. Its ability to oxidize cellular materials allows it to destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores. Unlike other treatments, microorganisms do not develop resistance to ozone, making this gas an effective option for disinfection.
The mechanism of action of ozone is based on the alteration of the cell membranes of microorganisms, generating oxidation that destroys the cell layers and genetic material. This destruction process prevents microorganisms from replicating.
Furthermore, ozone is an unstable gas that rapidly decomposes into oxygen (O2), which means that it leaves no chemical residue after use. This feature makes it an environmentally friendly option for disinfecting and purifying various surfaces and environments.
Deodorant
Ozone also stands out for its ability to eliminate odors without leaving any residue. In closed spaces, where odors tend to accumulate, ozone is an effective solution since it directly attacks the organic particles that generate bad odors. For example, ozone can eliminate odors from cigarettes, food or humidity.
When ozone comes into contact with odorous substances, it oxidizes them and transforms them into odorless compounds. This process does not mask odors, but destroys them completely.
ozone damage
Despite its benefits, ozone can also pose health risks when found in high concentrations. The negative effects of ozone will depend on the amount of ozone present and the length of exposure.
- Lung aging: Prolonged exposure to ozone levels higher than recommended can reduce lung capacity.
- Eye and respiratory tract irritation: Ozone can cause irritation to the eyes, throat and lungs, which can result in symptoms such as coughing, irritation and headache.
- Asthma attacks: Ozone can be especially harmful to people with asthma or respiratory problems, as it increases the sensitivity of the airways.
- Headaches: At high concentrations, ozone can cause general discomfort, including headaches and fatigue.
- Alteration of the immune system: Some research suggests that prolonged exposure to ozone may weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections.
In places where there are high levels of environmental pollution and on hot days (especially in summer), it is important to take precautions regarding exposure to ozone. Concentrations above 180 µg/m3 can be harmful to risk groups such as the elderly, children and people with respiratory diseases.
Ozone is primarily dispersed by wind, and the highest levels are typically reached during the evening hours. Indoor ozone concentrations can be 50% lower than outdoors, helping to reduce indoor exposure.
In conclusion, ozone is a gas that has proven to be extremely useful in water treatment, food disinfection, air purification and many other areas. However, it is essential to use it in a controlled manner to avoid its harmful effects on human health. Its ability to eliminate microorganisms and bad odors without leaving residues makes it a unique and valuable option for various industrial and domestic applications.