Maritime transport is one of the pillars of international trade. Currently, there is a growing interest to reduce the sector's polluting emissions and ensure that it becomes a sustainable means of transport in the long term. Although maritime transport is less polluting than other modes, such as aviation or land transport, it is still responsible for a significant part of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Impact of maritime transport on global emissions
El international maritime transport According to recent estimates, the sector accounts for around 3-4% of global CO2 emissions, which is equivalent to around 1.000 billion tonnes of CO2 annually. Although its impact may seem minor compared to other industries, it is indisputable that the sector must implement measures to reduce its carbon footprint.
In addition to CO2, ships emit other toxic pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), which contribute to the deterioration of air quality and public health problems. They also generate fine particles that are associated with respiratory diseases. This situation means that international regulations and actions to reduce environmental impact are becoming increasingly strict.
Regulatory measures to reduce emissions
In recent years, international organizations such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have adopted important regulations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from maritime transport. In 2011, the Project Energy Efficiency Index (EEDI), which sets mandatory minimum requirements for the efficiency of new ships. The EEDI was also introduced. Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) to improve energy efficiency in the operation of existing vessels.
In 2018, the IMO adopted a initial strategy which calls for a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. This strategy also includes efforts to achieve “zero emissions” operations in the sector in the second half of the XNUMXst century.
Main sources of pollution from maritime transport
The main pollutants emitted by ships are:
- CO2: Resulting from the burning of fossil fuels such as heavy fuel oil.
- Sulfur oxides (SOx): Highly toxic, these pollutants are the main cause of the formation of acid rain.
- Nitrogen oxides (NOx): They contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone, which is harmful to human health and ecosystems.
The fuel used by ships, such as heavy fuel oil, is one of the main problems to be tackled. Despite regulatory changes, a large percentage of ships continue to use this type of fuel, which is highly polluting.
Technological solutions and improvements
To reduce the environmental impact of maritime transport, the sector has begun to implement different renewable energy sources and technologies. The main solutions include:
- Methanol and hydrogen engines: Both options have the potential to drastically reduce emissions. Although they are still in the development phase, they could be the key to the transition to cleaner shipping.
- Use of biofuels: This alternative energy source, derived from plants or organic waste, is less polluting than traditional fossil fuels. However, its adoption faces challenges related to its large-scale production.
- Improvements in energy efficiency: Advanced design of new ships, coupled with optimized operations, can reduce the amount of fuel used and, therefore, emissions.
- Sails and wind-assisted energy: Old technologies such as sailing are being adapted with modern innovations for implementation on commercial vessels.
Decarbonisation projects: the future of maritime transport
Some multinational companies are leading projects to reduce emissions in their maritime operations. Unilever, for example, has implemented a virtual ocean control tower, a tool that allows the emissions of each of its vessels to be monitored in real time. With this system, they have managed to reduce CO15 emissions from their maritime logistics by 2% in 2022.
Similarly, many companies have begun to adopt carbon offset mechanisms and cooperation with government organizations to implement more sustainable practices. For example, shipowners They are now evaluating the use of more efficient vessels that reduce emissions per kilometer traveled.
Emissions trading in the EU
One of the key developments in the effort to reduce emissions is the emission rightsFrom 2024, the European Union will include the shipping sector in its Emissions Trading System (ETS), which will require shipping companies to acquire permits to emit CO2. This scheme will apply to 100% of emissions on journeys between European ports and 50% of emissions on journeys between EU ports and third countries.
This emissions trading system will encourage the adoption of less polluting technologies and practices. Shipping companies that emit less will be able to sell their rights, making a financial profit. This is key to achieving a faster transition towards more sustainable maritime transport.
Concrete actions for shipping companies
To meet new environmental standards and reduce their carbon footprint, shipping companies are taking several steps. immediate practical measures. Among the most notable are:
- Route optimization: Shipping companies are seeking to reduce distances and travel times to decrease fuel consumption.
- Best use of containers: Minimising weight and making the most of available space can reduce the number of journeys required and therefore emissions.
- Reduction in the number of ports on routes: Limiting the number of stops can help avoid unnecessary emissions, especially in congested areas.
The role of the port community
The European ports They are also playing a crucial role in reducing emissions. Measures are being pushed forward ranging from electrifying docks so that ships stop burning fuel while docked, to implementing stricter controls on emissions in port areas.
The maritime sector has great potential to drastically reduce its carbon and other polluting footprint. Despite technological and economic barriers that need to be overcome, both regulatory advances and new technologies are pushing the sector towards a cleaner and more sustainable future. With the right measures and the support of international bodies, maritime transport can become a global model for sustainable and low-emission transport.