The world of renewable energy has gained increasing prominence in international markets, due to its growing competitiveness and efficiencyThere are multiple types of renewable energy, among which the most popular are: solar and wind energyHowever, there are lesser-known energies, such as geothermal energy and biomass, which also offer great benefits.
In this article we are going to delve into geothermal energy: we will explain What it is, how it works, its advantages, disadvantages and the main uses it has today.
What is geothermal energy?
La geothermal energy It is a form of renewable energy that is obtained by taking advantage of the heat that emanates from the interior of the Earth. This energy is generated by the natural warmth of the inner layers of the Earth, which makes its method of obtaining it escape the usual norm of other renewable energies. While other renewable energies use external resources such as water, air or sunlight, geothermal energy exploits the natural heat of the subsoil, Taking advantage of the thermal gradient which increases in temperature as one descends into the earth's crust.
Geothermal heat comes from the natural decay of radioactive elements in the interior of the planet and the residual heat that accumulates since the formation of the Earth. For every 100 meters we descend below the Earth's surface, the temperature of the subsoil increases by 2 ° C and 4 ° CIn certain areas of the planet, this thermal gradient is much greater due to the proximity of the Earth's mantle, which allows this heat to be used more efficiently.
The most common way to exploit this energy is through well drilling to access high-temperature deposits. Below we will look at the main types of geothermal deposits.
Geothermal reservoirs
There are specific areas of the planet where the thermal gradient is higher, allowing for more efficient exploitation of geothermal energy. These places are known as geothermal deposits and are divided into several types according to their characteristics and the way in which their heat energy is extracted:
Hot water reservoirs
These deposits contain underground aquifers of water at high temperatures. There are two subtypes: those at the source, used mainly in spas, and those underground, which have enormous reserves of hot water. The exploitation systems are based on a closed cycle of extraction and injection of water, which makes these deposits practically exploitable. infinite in time.
Dry fields
In dry reservoirs, heat is stored in hot but dry rocks. To extract its energy, it is necessary to drill and inject water which, when heated, is extracted to generate energy. This technology is still in development and represents an economic challenge, since a high level of investment is required.
Geyser deposits
The geysers They are natural sources of hot water and steam that erupt from the Earth in the form of columns. They are extremely rare and their exploitation requires careful management, since the reinjection of water can cool magmas and cause minor earthquakes.
Uses of geothermal energy
The uses of geothermal energy are varied and applicable both at industrial and domestic levels. Among the main uses we find:
- Electricity generation through the use of geothermal steam turbines.
- Pumping and heating and cooling for homes, offices and other public or commercial buildings.
- Applications in spas, taking advantage of natural thermal water for recreational uses.
- Heating greenhouses and agricultural areas in cold climates.
Advantages of geothermal energy
Geothermal energy offers numerous benefits for the environment and the economy:
- It is a renewable and clean energy, since it does not generate greenhouse gas emissions.
- The production costs are lower than those of other energy sources such as coal or nuclear.
- Its use favors the energy independence, by reducing the need to import fossil fuels.
- Geothermal projects allow the development of local energies, stimulating the regional economy.
Disadvantages of geothermal energy
Not everything is positive in geothermal energy, as it also has some drawbacks:
- El high initial investment cost In drilling and geothermal plants it can be a barrier to entry.
- There are risks of Noxious gas leaks and small earthquakes due to water injection.
- Su geographical limitation This means that not all regions can use this energy efficiently.
- In some cases, geothermal exploitation may have a landscape impact considerable.
Despite its disadvantages, geothermal energy is a promising solution within the range of renewable energies, with a Versatility and usability in multiple scenariosIts development can help diversify energy sources in the world, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and contributing to the fight against climate change.