El carbon Coal remains a key energy source, despite being a resource facing a decline in use in some countries. In 2006, it accounted for 25% of the world's primary energy, a figure that rose to 29.6% in 2012. Currently, approximately 184.000 kilograms of coal are consumed per second, equivalent to about 5.8 billion tons of the mineral being burned annually. This demand remains high in countries such as China and India, where coal is essential to meet their growing energy needs.
Coal reserves in the world
Proven reserves of carbon have fluctuated over time. Between 1999 and 2005, the estimated lifespan of global reserves increased from 227 to 144 years. Currently, global coal reserves range from 860.000 to 984.000 billion tonnes, distributed across more than 70 countries. Coal is a widely distributed energy source, allowing for price stability compared to other fuels.
The largest countries in terms of reserves are the United States with over 248.000 billion tonnes, Russia with 162.000 billion tonnes and China with 143.000 billion tonnes. Other countries such as Australia, India, Germany and South Africa also have significant reserves. These figures guarantee a coal supply for over 200 years if current consumption remains stable.
Main coal producing and consuming countries
El carbon It is a vital resource in many countries, with China being the world's largest producer and consumer, followed by India and the United States. China accounts for more than 50% of global coal production, and is notable for its continued development of coal-fired industrial plants, despite its commitments to reduce CO2 emissions. India, meanwhile, follows closely behind China in terms of production, although at a lower intensity.
In terms of global coal reserves, the following countries stand out:
- United States: 248.000 billion tons (23% of global reserves).
- Russia: 162.000 billion tons (16% of world reserves).
- China: 143.000 billion tons (12% of global reserves).
- Australia and South Africa are major players in the global coal market, thanks to their abundant reserves.
Types of coal and their uses
There are different types of carbon which are classified according to their carbon content and energy properties. These were formed from plant remains trapped in swamps under high pressures and temperatures over hundreds of millions of years.
- Anthracite: It has the highest carbon content (85%) and is the most efficient for heat production. It is used in industrial boilers and heating.
- Bituminous: It has an intermediate carbon content (45-86%) and is used especially in electricity generation and steel production.
- Subbituminous: It is more abundant and is mainly used to generate electricity due to its energy efficiency.
- Lignite: Also known as brown coal, it has a lower carbon content and energy efficiency, being used mainly in power plants close to the deposits to reduce transportation costs.
Environmental impact of coal use
The use of carbon Coal is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions in the world, accounting for up to 40% of global energy-related emissions. This problem persists despite international efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions and combat climate change. In addition to CO2, coal combustion generates other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which contribute to acid rain and other environmental problems.
Despite efforts to reduce the use of carbon Through the adoption of new technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), the transition to cleaner energy sources remains challenging, especially in emerging economies that rely on coal for economic development. The cost and slow adoption of these technologies make it difficult to significantly reduce coal’s impact in the short term.
The future of carbon remains uncertain, but it is clear that it remains vital for many countries. As the world moves towards more sustainable sources of energy, efficiency in production and the development of cleaner technologies will be key to mitigating the environmental impact.