Nowadays, the world of greenhouses is experiencing a real revolution thanks to the incorporation of new technologies and management methods that seek to improve the efficiency, sustainability and competitiveness of covered cropsIn addition to the traditional focus on climate control and crop protection, digital and biological innovations are marking a turning point in the way we produce food, especially in leading regions like AlmerÃa and in countries seeking alternatives to the effects of climate change.
The main objective is to make these agricultural infrastructures increasingly adaptable to extreme conditions, more environmentally responsible, and more profitable for producers. Thus, greenhouses cease to be simply protected spaces for growing crops and become living laboratories where the most cutting-edge advances are tested and applied of current agriculture.
Real-time digital twin: agriculture connects to the future
La University of AlmerÃa has taken a step forward with the creation of the first real-time digital twin of a greenhouseThis pioneering tool, developed by the Automation, Robotics and Mechatronics group, allows students and professionals virtually explore a real agricultural environment using computers, mobile phones or virtual reality glasses. This allows you to simulate situations, monitor data and experiment in an immersive way., regardless of the level of technological experience of each user.
This breakthrough was born in the context of the European project AGRITECH EU, a consortium that brings together entities from six countries and whose goal is to drive the digital transformation of the agri-food sector. The platform, connected to real data from the UAL's experimental greenhouse, It facilitates everything from interactive visits and simulations to classes tutored by teachers or virtual avatars.This turns greenhouses into true centers of training, research, and innovation for present and future agriculture.
Intelligent management of environmental conditions and biological control
One of the great challenges of greenhouses is the environmental and biological control of the facilities. Spanish universities and companies are investing in systems of smart LED lighting and biological pest control, as confirmed by the Smali project led by the University of Córdoba. This system automatically adjusts lighting based on needs detected in real time, while promoting the development of natural predators and reducing the use of chemicals.
The multidisciplinary approach of initiatives such as Smali allows for obtaining improved crop yields, an increase in the population of beneficial auxiliary fauna and a reduction in the incidence of pests such as thrips. All of this translates into more environmentally friendly agriculture and higher-quality greenhouse products.
Researchers and centers such as Ifapa in AlmerÃa are deepening their knowledge of the Emerging pests in greenhouses and in seeking sustainable strategies for its control. The study of Thrips parvispinus, for example, highlights the importance of combining knowledge of pest dynamics with the introduction of native predators, thereby optimizing the integrated management and protection of crops under cover.
Adaptation and new opportunities for crops and markets
The use of greenhouses not only responds to technological or phytosanitary protection needs, but also constitutes a solution to climate and market challengesIn countries like Greece, the adaptation of tomato greenhouses for hydroponic strawberry production illustrates the potential of these infrastructures to diversify crops and marketing strategies. Factors such as heat waves, water scarcity, and phytosanitary restrictions have pushed producers to seek more efficient and adaptable methodologies, relying on environmental control, remote monitoring, and the use of beneficial organisms for pest management.
This intensive and technological production also requires greater control over resources (water, energy, skilled labor), but it allows for maintaining quality and continuity of supply even outside of the usual outdoor growing seasons. Implemented solutions, such as shading, active ventilation, and the use of biostimulants, contribute to increasing productivity and maintaining plant health in extreme conditions.
Key aspects for the management and use of greenhouses
Correct management of temperature, humidity and ventilation is essential to avoid both thermal stress of plants, such as the proliferation of pests or diseases. As experts point out, opening or closing greenhouses depends on the climate and the sensitivity of the crops. During cool nights, the risk of stress for tomatoes, peppers, or other sensitive crops is greater, while during the day, warm, dry air can promote growth as long as humidity and ventilation are kept under control.
Remote monitoring systems, the use of sensors and weather forecast monitoring They have become essential tools. Furthermore, adopting practices such as partially closing gates or installing color traps helps keep biological threats at bay and optimizes the development of protected crops.
Promoting training and outreach around digital technologies, data management, and greenhouse innovation is essential for farmers to successfully implement these advances, thus ensuring the profitability and sustainability of their farms.
The advancement of technology, science and experience in the management of greenhouses is enabling the transformation of the agricultural sector. Thanks to digitalization, automation, and integrated biological strategies, greenhouses are becoming highly efficient, sustainable, and resilient spaces in the face of current environmental and market challenges. The future of indoor agriculture promises to continue evolving, driven by technology and collaboration between research centers, companies, and producers.
