Hydro turbines are a key element in the generation of renewable energy from water. This type of technology has been used for decades in hydroelectric power plants around the world to generate convert mechanical energy into electricity efficiently and sustainably.
In this article we are going to explore in detail what a hydraulic turbine is, how it works and what are the different types that exist. We will also look at its importance within the energy sector and the main benefits of its use.
What is a hydraulic turbine?
A hydraulic turbine It is a machine that transforms the energy of water into rotational mechanical energyThis mechanical energy can later be converted into electricity by a generator, making it essential for the production of hydroelectric power.
The basic operating principle of a hydraulic turbine is the use of the force of water, either by falling from a height or by the current of a river or canal. Through its impact on the rotor blades or vanes, the water causes the turbine turn and transfer that energy to the electric generator.
What is a water turbine used for?
Hydro turbines play a crucial role in generating clean and renewable energy. Their main function is to convert the potential and kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy, which is then transformed into electricity.
This technology is widely used in hydroelectric plants, which take advantage of natural or artificially created waterfalls using dams to generate electricity in a sustainable manner. Depending on the location and the available water resources, different types of turbines can be used to generate electricity. optimize energy use.
Main types of hydraulic turbines
There are several types of hydraulic turbines, each with its own specific characteristics and applications. The most commonly used are:
Pelton turbine
This turbine It works by means of a high-speed water jet which impacts on spoons located in the turbine wheel, causing it to rotate. It is ideal for working with large waterfalls which exceed 200 meters, but with relatively low flows.
The great advantage of the Pelton turbine is its high performance in high altitude conditions, making it very efficient in mountain dams or in installations where the gradient is considerable.
Francis turbine
This type of turbine is one of the most used in hydroelectric power plants due to its versatility and efficiencyIt is used in medium-height waterfalls, between 10 and 200 meters, and can handle a wide variety of flows.
Its design includes a system of mobile paddles called a distributor, which allows adjust the water flow which reaches the rotor, thus adapting to changing water conditions.
Kaplan turbine
Kaplan turbines are designed to operate in environments with large volumes of water but with relatively low falls, up to 50 metres. Its operation is based on a rotor similar to a propeller, whose blades can adjust their angle to maximise efficiency.
This type of turbine is especially used in rivers with continuous flow, where precise control of the water flow allows for a constant and stable power generation.
Benefits of using hydraulic turbines
Generating energy through hydraulic turbines offers multiple benefits, including:
- Renewable and sustainable energy: By using water as a source, it does not require fossil fuels.
- Low emission of pollutants: It does not generate greenhouse gases or toxic waste.
- High energy efficiency: They can achieve yields of up to 90%.
- Greater stability in generation: Unlike solar or wind energy, hydropower can generate electricity continuously.
- Low maintenance need: They are robust and durable systems.
Hydro turbines are a fundamental pillar of renewable energy. Thanks to their ability to transform the power of water into electricity efficiently and sustainable, have been key in the transition towards cleaner energy sources. With different types of turbines designed for adapt to different water conditions, this technology remains one of the best options for taking advantage of natural resources without harming the environment.