Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that harnesses the heat stored inside the Earth to generate heating, cooling and electricity. Thanks to its efficiency y sustainability, has become an attractive option to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and minimize the environmental impact.
In this article, we will explore in detail what geothermal energy is, how it works, its applications, and the advantages it offers over other energy sources. We will also discuss the requirements for its installation and the associated costs.
What is geothermal energy?
La geothermal energy is that which is obtained from heat coming from inside the EarthThis heat was stored underground due to the decomposition of radioactive materials and the temperature of the Earth's core.
The term "geothermal" comes from the Greek geo (Earth) and thermos (heat), which literally means "heat of the Earth." There are different ways to take advantage of this resource depending on the temperature of the Deposit from which it is extracted.
How does geothermal energy work?
The use of geothermal energy is based on the extraction of heat from the ground through heat exchangers and its subsequent distribution for different uses. Depending on the temperature of the geothermal resource, different applications can be established.
- For temperatures high (above 100°C), electricity can be generated.
- In temperatures tights (between 25 and 100°C), it is ideal for industrial processes and heating.
- With temperatures bajas (less than 25°C), it is mainly used for air conditioning and domestic hot water.
Geothermal energy applications
Geothermal energy has multiple applications, both in the domestic and industrial and urban areas:
- Heating and cooling: Using geothermal heat pumps, spaces can be heated in winter and cooled in summer.
- Generation of electricity: In areas with intense geothermal activity, the heat is transformed into electrical energy.
- Industrial uses: It is used in processes such as food pasteurization or drying of agricultural products.
- Urban infrastructures: It is used for district heating, greenhouse air conditioning and even road de-icing.
Advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy
The use of geothermal energy has numerous benefits, although it also has some limitations.
Advantages
- Energy efficiency: It can reduce energy consumption by up to 75% compared to conventional systems.
- Sustainability: It does not generate significant CO2 emissions, helping to combat climate change.
- Reliability: The temperature of the subsoil is constant, guaranteeing a stable supply of energy.
- Long useful lifeGeothermal systems can last between 25 and 50 years.
Disadvantages
- High initial costs: Installation requires a high investment, although it pays for itself over time.
- Land Requirements: Not all terrains are suitable for geothermal drilling.
Although the initial investment may seem high, various studies have shown that the economic return occurs in a period of approximately 5 to 10 years.
How does a geothermal heat pump work?
One of the most used systems in domestic geothermal energy is geothermal heat pumpThis device extracts heat from underground and transfers it to a building's heating or cooling systems.
Its operation is simple:
- The fluids circulate through a closed circuit of buried pipes.
- These fluids absorb the temperature of the ground and transport it to a heat exchanger.
- With the help of a compressor, the temperature is raised to provide heating or hot water.
- In summer, the process is reversed, removing heat from inside the home and dissipating it into the subsoil.
This system is highly efficient and allows you to maintain a comfortable temperature at home with low energy consumption.
Geothermal energy represents one of the best options within renewable energies, providing a stable and efficient supply. Although the initial installation can be expensive, its long-term benefits make it a very attractive alternative for both the residential and industrial sectors. Its low environmental impact and its ability to reduce energy consumption mean that more and more people and companies are opting for this sustainable energy source.